Reinforced Cause_change_of_strength by paratroopers , the French and their Vietnamese allies tightened Cause_change_of_strength a net around the defending Viet Minh , but delays Change_event_time in the movement of French forces left gaps through which most of the Viet Minh guerillas , and many of the arms caches the operation was expected to seize , escaped .

Regiment 95 occupied Control the area for the remainder of the First Indochina War and were still operating Control there as late as 1962 against the South Vietnamese Army during the Second Indochina , or Vietnam War .

In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident when the destroyers and of the United States Navy engaged Participation North Vietnamese ships , sustaining light damage as they gathered Come_together electronic intelligence while in the international waters of the Gulf of Tonkin , U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered Request Operation `` Pierce Arrow '' which was conducted Action on 5 August 1964 .

Operation Frequent Wind was the final phase in the evacuation of American civilians and `` at-risk '' Vietnamese from Saigon , South Vietnam prior to the takeover of the city by the North Vietnamese People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) in the Fall of Saigon .

Operation Frequent Wind was the final phase in the evacuation of American civilians and `` at-risk '' Vietnamese from Saigon , South Vietnam prior to the takeover of the city by the North Vietnamese People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) in the Fall of Saigon .

In the event , air support was not needed as the North Vietnamese paused Process_end for a week at the outskirts of Saigon , possibly waiting for the South Vietnamese government to collapse Destroying and avoiding Preventing_or_letting a possible confrontation with the U.S. by allowing Preventing_or_letting the mostly-unopposed evacuation of Americans from Saigon .

In the event , air support was not needed as the North Vietnamese paused Process_end for a week at the outskirts of Saigon , possibly waiting for the South Vietnamese government to collapse Destroying and avoiding Preventing_or_letting a possible confrontation with the U.S. by allowing Preventing_or_letting the mostly-unopposed evacuation of Americans from Saigon .

The U.S. Embassy in Saigon was intended to only be a secondary evacuation point for embassy staff , but it was soon overwhelmed Filling with evacuees and desperate South Vietnamese .

Tens of thousands of Vietnamese evacuated Removing themselves by sea or air .

During the fixed-wing evacuation 50,493 people ( including 2,678 Vietnamese orphans ) were evacuated Emptying from Tan Son Nhut .

In Operation Frequent Wind a total of 1,373 Americans and 5,595 Vietnamese and third-country nationals were evacuated Emptying by helicopter .

The total number of Vietnamese evacuated Removing by Frequent Wind or self-evacuated and ending up Process_end in the custody of the United States for processing Self_motion as refugees to enter Arriving the United States totalled 138,869 .

This action was taken within Laos due to the location of North Vietnam 's expanding logistical corridor known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail ( the Truong Son Road to the North Vietnamese ) , which ran from southwestern North Vietnam , through southeastern Laos , and into South Vietnam .

The targets Aiming of these attacks Attack were sanctuaries and Base Areas of the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN — commonly referred to during the Vietnam War Hostile_encounter as the North Vietnamese Army [ NVA ] ) and forces of the Viet Cong ( NLF ) , which utilized Using them for resupply Supply , training Education_teaching , and resting between campaigns Military_operation across the border in the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) .

The purpose of the operation was to interdict the flow Motion of People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) supplies Supply on the Ho Chi Minh Trail ( the Truong Son Strategic Supply Supply Route to the North Vietnamese ) from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) , through southeastern Laos , and into the northern provinces of the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) .

As Vietnamese troops remained Presence in Cambodia until 1989 , China remained unsuccessful in its goal of dissuading Convincing Vietnam from involvement in Cambodia .

While in the South China Sea , Chanchu caught Hold many Vietnamese fisherman off guard , causing Causation 17 ships to sink Removing and damaging Damaging several others .

Operation Sunrise was the first phase of a long range South Vietnamese counter-offensive against the Viet Cong ( VC ) during the Vietnam War .

As a result , South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem ordered Request bombing raids Attack against suspected VC-controlled hamlets .

Following the air strikes South Vietnamese light tanks pushed Motion into the hamlets to sweep Motion out rebels .

Operation Hump was a search Scrutiny and destroy operation Military_operation initiated Process_start by United States and Australian forces on 8 November 1965 , during the Vietnamese War .

The operation Military_operation , led Conquering by Colonel Robin Olds , turned out to be a major success after five North Vietnamese MiG-21 fighters of the VPAF 921st Fighter Regiment were shot down Use_firearm .

By the afternoon of the next day , the PAVN had occupied Control the important points of the city and raised Self_motion their flag over the South Vietnamese presidential palace .

The city was renamed Name_conferral Hồ Chí Minh City , after the late North Vietnamese President Hồ Chí Minh .

The capture Conquering of the city was preceded Process_start by Operation Military_operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation Removing of almost all the American civilian and military personnel in Saigon , along with tens of thousands of South Vietnamese civilians who had been associated Collaboration with the southern regime .

The storm damaged Damaging or destroyed Destroying 427,258 houses , and overall damage was estimated at 1.5 trillion₫ ( 2013 Vietnamese đồng , $ 72 million 2013 USD ) .

The Laotian Civil War ( 1959–75 ) was a civil war Military_operation in Laos fought Hostile_encounter between the Communist Pathet Lao ( including many North Vietnamese of Lao ancestry ) and the Royal Lao Government from 23 May 1959 to 2 December 1975 .

The actual fighting in Laos involved Cause_to_be_included the North Vietnamese Army , U.S. troops and Thai forces and South Vietnamese army forces directly and through irregular proxies in a struggle Hostile_encounter for control Control over the Laotian Panhandle .

The actual fighting in Laos involved Cause_to_be_included the North Vietnamese Army , U.S. troops and Thai forces and South Vietnamese army forces directly and through irregular proxies in a struggle Hostile_encounter for control Control over the Laotian Panhandle .

The North Vietnamese Army occupied Control the area to use Using for its Ho Chi Minh Trail supply corridor and as staging area for offensives into South Vietnam .

The North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao eventually emerged Coming_to_be victorious in 1975 , as part of the general communist victory in all of former French Indochina that year .

The Hmong were persecuted Bodily_harm as traitors and `` lackeys '' of the Americans , with the government and its Vietnamese allies carrying out Military_operation human rights abuses against Hmong civilians .

American and South Vietnamese intelligence reports Reporting had indicated Statement that an imminent communist offensive during the Tet New Year festival was likely , and in response Response the Australians and New Zealanders were deployed Arranging away from their base in Phuoc Tuy Province to bolster American and South Vietnamese forces defending the Long Binh–Bien Hoa complex north-east of Saigon .

American and South Vietnamese intelligence reports Reporting had indicated Statement that an imminent communist offensive during the Tet New Year festival was likely , and in response Response the Australians and New Zealanders were deployed Arranging away from their base in Phuoc Tuy Province to bolster American and South Vietnamese forces defending the Long Binh–Bien Hoa complex north-east of Saigon .

The explosion killed Killing two Americans , an officer and an NCO , and injured Bodily_harm approximately 60 , including military personnel and Vietnamese civilians .

Second , the bombing would demonstrate Protest to the South Vietnamese that the Americans were vulnerable and could not be relied upon for protection .

Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided Supply by the U.S. After the French quit Indochina in 1954 , the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state .

The Việt Cộng , also known as or `` NLF '' ( the National Liberation Front ) , a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam , initiated Process_start a guerrilla war in the south .

By 1963 , the North Vietnamese had sent Sending 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam .

By 1964 , there were 23,000 US advisors in South Vietnam during the Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft .

Past this point , the People 's Army of Vietnam ( known also as the NVA ) engaged Participation in more conventional warfare with US and South Vietnamese forces .

The war exacted a huge human cost Earnings_and_losses in terms of fatalities ( see Vietnam War casualties ) : estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million .

The end of the war and resumption of the Third Indochina War would precipitate the Vietnamese boat people and the bigger Indochina refugee crisis , which saw millions of refugees leave Indochina ( mainly southern Vietnam ) , an estimated 250,000 of whom perished at sea .