Led by Abd el-Krim , the Riffians at first inflicted Bodily_harm several defeats on the Spanish forces by using Using guerrilla tactics and captured Conquering European weapons .

After France 's military intervention Hostile_encounter against Abd el-Krim 's forces and the major landing Self_motion of Spanish troops at Al Hoceima , considered the first amphibious landing in history to involve Participation the use of tanks and aircraft , Abd el-Krim surrendered Surrendering to the French and was taken Bringing into exile .

After France 's military intervention Hostile_encounter against Abd el-Krim 's forces and the major landing Self_motion of Spanish troops at Al Hoceima , considered the first amphibious landing in history to involve Participation the use of tanks and aircraft , Abd el-Krim surrendered Surrendering to the French and was taken Bringing into exile .

In 1921 , the Spanish troops suffered Confronting_problem the catastrophic Disaster of Annual in addition to a rebellion Change_of_leadership led Causation by Rifian leader Abd el-Krim .

As a result , the Spanish retreated Escaping to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created Creating an entire independent state : the Republic of the Rif .