The Musket Wars were a series of as many as 3,000 battles and raids Attack fought Hostile_encounter throughout New Zealand ( including the Chatham Islands ) among Māori between 1807 and 1837 , after Māori first obtained Getting muskets and then engaged Participation in an intertribal arms race in order to gain Getting territory or seek revenge for past defeats .

The Musket Wars were a series of as many as 3,000 battles and raids Attack fought Hostile_encounter throughout New Zealand ( including the Chatham Islands ) among Māori between 1807 and 1837 , after Māori first obtained Getting muskets and then engaged Participation in an intertribal arms race in order to gain Getting territory or seek revenge for past defeats .

The battles resulted in Causation the deaths Killing of between 20,000 and 40,000 people and the enslavement Bodily_harm of tens of thousands of Māori and significantly altered Change the `` rohe '' , or tribal territorial boundaries , before the imposition Rewards_and_punishments of colonial government in the 1840s .

The increased use Using of muskets in intertribal warfare Hostile_encounter led to Causation changes Change in the design Being_in_operation of pā fortifications , which later benefited Earnings_and_losses Māori when engaged Participation in battles with colonial forces during the New Zealand Wars .

Ngāpuhi chief Hongi Hika in 1818 used Using newly acquired muskets to launch devastating Destroying raids Attack from his Northland base into the Bay of Plenty , where local Māori were still relying Supply on traditional weapons of wood and stone .

Historian Michael King suggested Convincing the term `` holocaust '' could be applied Using to the Musket War period ; another historian , Angela Ballara , has questioned Justifying the validity of the term `` musket wars Hostile_encounter '' , suggesting Convincing the conflict Hostile_encounter was no more than a continuation Expansion of Māori `` tikanga '' ( custom ) , but more destructive Destroying because of the widespread Dispersal use Using of firearms .

The Second Taranaki War is a term used Using by some historians for the period of hostilities between Māori and the New Zealand Government in the Taranaki district of New Zealand between 1863 and 1866 .

The conflict , which overlapped the wars in Waikato and Tauranga , was fuelled Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale by a combination of factors : lingering Māori resentment over the sale of land at Waitara in 1860 and government delays Change_event_time in resolving Resolve_problem the issue ; a large-scale land confiscation policy launched Process_start by the government in late 1863 ; and the rise of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire syncretic religion , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity .

The conflict , which overlapped the wars in Waikato and Tauranga , was fuelled Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale by a combination of factors : lingering Māori resentment over the sale of land at Waitara in 1860 and government delays Change_event_time in resolving Resolve_problem the issue ; a large-scale land confiscation policy launched Process_start by the government in late 1863 ; and the rise of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire syncretic religion , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity .

The conflict , which overlapped the wars in Waikato and Tauranga , was fuelled Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale by a combination of factors : lingering Māori resentment over the sale of land at Waitara in 1860 and government delays Change_event_time in resolving Resolve_problem the issue ; a large-scale land confiscation policy launched Process_start by the government in late 1863 ; and the rise of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire syncretic religion , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity .

The Hauhau movement became Becoming a unifying factor for Taranaki Māori in the absence of individual Māori commanders .

The Hauhau movement became Becoming a unifying factor for Taranaki Māori in the absence of individual Māori commanders .

The style of warfare after 1863 differed Change markedly from that of the 1860-61 conflict Hostile_encounter , in which Māori had taken Conquering set positions and challenged Confronting_problem the army to an open contest .

From 1863 the army , working Action with greater numbers of troops and heavy artillery , systematically took Removing possession of Māori land by driving Motion off the inhabitants , adopting Choosing a `` scorched earth '' strategy of laying waste to Māori villages and cultivations , with attacks Attack on villages , whether warlike or otherwise .

From 1863 the army , working Action with greater numbers of troops and heavy artillery , systematically took Removing possession of Māori land by driving Motion off the inhabitants , adopting Choosing a `` scorched earth '' strategy of laying waste to Māori villages and cultivations , with attacks Attack on villages , whether warlike or otherwise .

The effect was a creeping confiscation of almost a million acres ( 4,000 km² ) of land , with little distinction between the land of loyal or rebel Māori owners .

The Waitangi Tribunal has argued Quarreling that apart from the attack on Sentry Hill in April 1864 , there was an absence of Māori aggression throughout the entire Second War , and that therefore Māori were never actually at war .

The Waitangi Tribunal has argued Quarreling that apart from the attack on Sentry Hill in April 1864 , there was an absence of Māori aggression throughout the entire Second War , and that therefore Māori were never actually at war .

It concluded : `` In so far as Māori fought Hostile_encounter at all – and few did – they were merely defending Defending their `` kainga '' , crops and land against military advance and occupation . ''

Chief among those issues was ( 1 ) the legality of the sale Commerce_sell of a block of land at Waitara , which had sparked Causation the first war , but Māori unrest was exacerbated by ( 2 ) a new land confiscation strategy launched Process_start by the Government and ( 3 ) the emergence of a fiery nationalist religious movement .

The New Zealand Wars were a series of armed conflicts Hostile_encounter that took place Process_start in New Zealand from 1845 to 1872 between the Colonial government and allied Māori on one side and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other .

The New Zealand Wars were a series of armed conflicts Hostile_encounter that took place Process_start in New Zealand from 1845 to 1872 between the Colonial government and allied Māori on one side and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other .

They were previously commonly referred to as the Land Wars or the Māori Wars while Māori language names for the conflicts included Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa ( `` the great New Zealand wars '' ) and Te riri Pākehā ( `` the white man 's anger '' ) .

They were previously commonly referred to as the Land Wars or the Māori Wars while Māori language names for the conflicts included Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa ( `` the great New Zealand wars '' ) and Te riri Pākehā ( `` the white man 's anger '' ) .

The colonial government summoned Request thousands of British troops to mount Process_start major campaigns Military_operation to overpower Hindering the Kīngitanga ( Māori King ) movement and also acquire farming and residential land for British settlers .

Later campaigns Military_operation were aimed Aiming at quashing Removing the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Mārire religion , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Cause_change_of_strength Māori identity .

Later campaigns Military_operation were aimed Aiming at quashing Removing the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Mārire religion , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Cause_change_of_strength Māori identity .

The war Hostile_encounter between the government and Kīngitanga Māori spread Dispersal to other areas of the North Island , with the biggest single campaign Social_event being the invasion Attack of the Waikato in 1863–1864 , before hostilities concluded Process_end with the pursuits of Riwha Tītokowaru in Taranaki ( 1868–1869 ) and guerrilla fighter Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki on the east coast ( 1868–1872 ) .

The government also responded Response with legislation to imprison Arrest Māori opponents and confiscate Rewards_and_punishments expansive areas of the North Island for sale to settlers , with the funds used Using to cover war expenses—punitive measures that on the east and west coasts provoked Causation an intensification of Māori resistance and aggression .

The government also responded Response with legislation to imprison Arrest Māori opponents and confiscate Rewards_and_punishments expansive areas of the North Island for sale to settlers , with the funds used Using to cover war expenses—punitive measures that on the east and west coasts provoked Causation an intensification of Māori resistance and aggression .

The east coast hostilities came Motion at the close of the Waikato wars Hostile_encounter and before the outbreak Attack of Te Kooti 's War , both fought Hostile_encounter nearby , but sprang from causes Causation more closely related to the Second Taranaki War—namely , Māori resentment of punitive government land confiscation coupled Cause_to_amalgamate with the rise Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire religion ( also called Name_conferral the Hauhau ) , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity .

The east coast hostilities came Motion at the close of the Waikato wars Hostile_encounter and before the outbreak Attack of Te Kooti 's War , both fought Hostile_encounter nearby , but sprang from causes Causation more closely related to the Second Taranaki War—namely , Māori resentment of punitive government land confiscation coupled Cause_to_amalgamate with the rise Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire religion ( also called Name_conferral the Hauhau ) , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity .

The east coast hostilities came Motion at the close of the Waikato wars Hostile_encounter and before the outbreak Attack of Te Kooti 's War , both fought Hostile_encounter nearby , but sprang from causes Causation more closely related to the Second Taranaki War—namely , Māori resentment of punitive government land confiscation coupled Cause_to_amalgamate with the rise Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale of the so-called Hauhau movement , an extremist part of the Pai Marire religion ( also called Name_conferral the Hauhau ) , which was strongly opposed Agree_or_refuse_to_act to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity .

Rising Expansion tensions between Pai Mārire followers and conservative Māori led to Causation a number of wars Hostile_encounter between and within Māori `` iwi '' , with `` kūpapa '' or `` loyal '' Māori armed Bearing_arms by the government in a bid to exterminate Destroying the movement .

Rising Expansion tensions between Pai Mārire followers and conservative Māori led to Causation a number of wars Hostile_encounter between and within Māori `` iwi '' , with `` kūpapa '' or `` loyal '' Māori armed Bearing_arms by the government in a bid to exterminate Destroying the movement .

Rising Expansion tensions between Pai Mārire followers and conservative Māori led to Causation a number of wars Hostile_encounter between and within Māori `` iwi '' , with `` kūpapa '' or `` loyal '' Māori armed Bearing_arms by the government in a bid to exterminate Destroying the movement .

Major conflicts Hostile_encounter within the campaign included Cause_to_be_included the cavalry and artillery attack Attack on Te Tarata pā near Opotiki in October 1865 in which about 35 Māori were killed Killing and the seven-day siege Besieging of Waerenga-a-Hika in November 1865 .

The government , claiming Statement that one of Volkner 's killers was being given Giving sanctuary Preserving by Māori in the remote Urewera region , confiscated Removing northern parts of the Urewera land in January 1866 in a bid to break down Destroying Māori resistance and confiscated Removing additional land in Hawke 's Bay a year later after a rout of a Māori party Participation it deemed Coming_to_believe to pose a threat Warning to the settlement of Napier .

The government , claiming Statement that one of Volkner 's killers was being given Giving sanctuary Preserving by Māori in the remote Urewera region , confiscated Removing northern parts of the Urewera land in January 1866 in a bid to break down Destroying Māori resistance and confiscated Removing additional land in Hawke 's Bay a year later after a rout of a Māori party Participation it deemed Coming_to_believe to pose a threat Warning to the settlement of Napier .

The government , claiming Statement that one of Volkner 's killers was being given Giving sanctuary Preserving by Māori in the remote Urewera region , confiscated Removing northern parts of the Urewera land in January 1866 in a bid to break down Destroying Māori resistance and confiscated Removing additional land in Hawke 's Bay a year later after a rout of a Māori party Participation it deemed Coming_to_believe to pose a threat Warning to the settlement of Napier .

The First Taranaki War Military_operation was an armed Bearing_arms conflict Hostile_encounter over land ownership and sovereignty that took place Process_start between Māori and the New Zealand Government in the Taranaki district of New Zealand 's North Island from March 1860 to March 1861 .

The war Military_operation was sparked Process_start by a dispute Quarreling between the government and Māori landowners over the sale Commerce_sell of a property at Waitara , but spread Dispersal throughout the region .

It was fought Hostile_encounter by more than 3,500 imperial troops brought in Bringing from Australia , as well as volunteer soldiers and militia , against Māori forces that fluctuated Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale between a few hundred and about 1,500 .

Total losses among the imperial , volunteer and militia troops are estimated to have been 238 , while Māori casualties totalled about 200 , although the proportion of Māori casualties was higher .

Total losses among the imperial , volunteer and militia troops are estimated to have been 238 , while Māori casualties totalled about 200 , although the proportion of Māori casualties was higher .

Historian James Belich has claimed Statement that the Māori succeeded in thwarting the British bid to impose Action sovereignty over them , and had therefore been victorious .

But he said Telling the Māori victory was a hollow one , leading to Causation the invasion Attack of the Waikato .