From the 13th century , the two main Balkan powers Byzantium and Bulgaria fell Motion_directional victims to a process of decentralization , as local feudal lords grew Expansion stronger and more independent from the emperors in Constantinople and Tarnovo .

The Bulgarian Emperor supported Supporting the first opponent whose stronghold was Constantinople .

After Selim 's rejection Agree_or_refuse_to_act of the ultimatum , a British squadron , commanded Control by Vice-admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth , entered Arriving the Dardanelles on 19 February 1807 and the British destroyed Destroying the Ottoman naval force in the Sea of Marmara , and anchored Connect opposite Constantinople .

The Turkish War of Independence ( `` War of Liberation '' , also known figuratively as `` İstiklâl Harbi '' `` Independence War '' or `` Millî Mücadele '' `` National Campaign '' ; 19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923 ) was fought Hostile_encounter between the Turkish National Movement and the proxies of the Allies – namely Greece on the Western Front , Armenia on the Eastern , France on the Southern , the royalists and the separatists in various cities , and with them , the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) – after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following the Ottomans ' defeat Conquering in World War I .

Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe—the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice—stated the Triple Entente′s public position that they had no intention to dismantle Destroying the government of the Ottoman Empire or place it under military occupation by `` occupying Constantinople '' .

On 13 November 1918 , a French brigade entered Arriving the city to begin the Occupation of Constantinople and its immediate dependencies , followed Self_motion by a fleet consisting Cause_to_be_included of British , French , Italian and Greek ships deploying Arranging soldiers on the ground the next day .

On 14 November , joint Collaboration Franco-Greek troops occupied Control the town of Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis till the train station of Hadımköy near Çatalca on the outskirts of Constantinople .

He commissioned Request Henry of Asti , the Catholic patriarch of Constantinople , to organise Arranging a league against the Turks , who had increased Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale their piracy in the Aegean in recent years .

The Roman expeditionary force set Placing sail from Constantinople in late June 533 , and after a sea voyage along the coasts of Greece and southern Italy , landed Self_motion on the African coast at Caputvada in early September , to Gelimer 's complete Process_end surprise .

Belisarius returned Arriving to Constantinople with the Vandals ' royal treasure and the captive Gelimer to enjoy Perception_active a triumph , while Africa was formally restored to imperial rule as the praetorian prefecture of Africa .

This odd retreat Escaping made Causation the Turks think that they won : a big party was held Hold in Constantinople to celebrate Social_event the Turks ' `` victory '' .

The khan himself went on with an army to Constantinople .

The Fall Conquering of Constantinople ( ; ) was the capture Conquering of the capital city of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Attack Ottoman army on the Sunday of Pentecost , 29 May 1453 .

After conquering Conquering the city , Sultan Mehmed transferred Change the capital of the Ottoman State from Edirne to Constantinople and established Creating his court there .

The conquest Conquering of Constantinople also dealt Resolve_problem a massive blow Influence to the defence Defending of mainland Europe , as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left Causation unchecked to advance Self_motion into Europe without an adversary Hostile_encounter to their rear .

The conquest Conquering of the city of Constantinople and the end Process_end of the Byzantine Empire was a key event in the Late Middle Ages which also marks , for some historians , the end Process_end of the Medieval period .

The unexpected collapse Destroying of Bulgaria and Sviatoslav 's ambitions to seize Conquering Constantinople caught Self_motion the Eastern Roman Empire off-guard but they managed to pull Motion back the Kievan armies and occupied Control eastern Bulgaria including the capital Preslav in 971 .

Emperor Boris II was captured Conquering and taken Bringing to Constantinople where he abdicated Change_of_leadership and the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes announced Expressing_publicly the annexation Change_of_leadership of Bulgaria , even though the Eastern Roman Empire only controlled Control Eastern Bulgaria at the time , but the lands to the west remained under Bulgarian control Control .

All local lords who surrendered Surrendering were transferred Sending either to Constantinople or to Anatolia and most of them were later assimilated Cause_to_amalgamate into the Byzantine society .

Faced with intrigues at Constantinople and the rebellion of the large Khurramite contingent of his army , Theophilos was unable to aid Assistance the city .

The battle Hostile_encounter ended Process_end any hopes of saving Rescuing Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire .

With the end Process_end of the half-century-long Crusader threat Warning to their European frontier , Murad 's son Mehmed II was free Releasing to lay siege to Constantinople in 1453 .

The town had a strong Venetian garrison and was further supported Supporting by a regiment of 2,000 troops from Constantinople .

The starting date is conventionally held Defending to be 24 April 1915 , the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up , arrested Arrest , and deported Removing from Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) to the region of Angora ( Ankara ) , 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders , the majority of whom were eventually murdered Committing_crime .

Suleiman returned Arriving to Constantinople , leaving Departing a strong garrison force .

Still under threat of ambush from the hills , Isaac returned Arriving hastily to Constantinople to celebrate Social_event his victory .

The third general in charge of fighting Hostile_encounter the rebels was Alexius Branas , who , in turn , rebelled Attack and turned on Becoming Constantinople .

The Princes ' Crusade , by contrast , was a well-organized military campaign Military_operation , starting Process_start out in late summer of 1096 and arriving at Arriving Constantinople between November 1096 and April 1097 .

The situation did not stabilize Cause_change_of_strength until after the failure of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 718 , when the Taurus Mountains on the eastern rim of Asia Minor became Becoming established Creating as the mutual , heavily fortified and largely depopulated frontier .

Arab raids Attack reached Arriving a peak in the 9th and early 10th centuries , after the conquests of Crete , Malta and Sicily , with their fleets reaching Arriving the coasts of France and Dalmatia and even the suburbs of Constantinople .

The Byzantine–Bulgarian war Military_operation of 894–896 ( ) , also called Name_conferral the Trade war Military_operation ( ) , was fought Competition between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire as a result Causation of the decision of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI to move Removing the Bulgarian market from Constantinople to Thessaloniki which would greatly increase Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale the expenses Cost of the Bulgarian merchants .

The war Military_operation ended Process_end with a peace treaty Sign_agreement which restored Recovering the Bulgarian market in Constantinople and confirmed Check Bulgarian domination in the Balkans .

The Ottoman reaction to the takeover saw Self_motion further massacres Killing and pogroms of 6,000 Armenians living in Constantinople and also Hamid threatening to level the entire building Building itself .

The occupation of Constantinople ( ) ( November 13 , 1918 – October 4 , 1923 ) , the capital of the Ottoman Empire , by British , French and Italian forces , took place Process_start in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros , which ended Process_end Ottoman participation in the First World War .

Allied troops occupied Control zones based on the sections of Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) and set up Placing an Allied military administration early in December 1918 .

1918 saw the first time the city had changed Change hands since the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 .

Commanded Control by the Abbasid heir-apparent , the future Harun al-Rashid , the Abbasid army reached Arriving as far as Chrysopolis , across the Bosporus from the Byzantine capital , Constantinople , while secondary forces Causation raided Attack western Asia Minor and defeated Conquering the Byzantine forces Causation there .

As Harun did not intend to assault Attack Constantinople and lacked ships to do so , he turned Becoming back .

The German ships evaded Escaping the British fleet and passed Motion_directional through the Dardanelles to reach Arriving Constantinople , where they were eventually handed over Giving to the Ottoman Empire .

The death of Manuel Komnenos in 1180 terminated Process_end military campaigns far from Constantinople and after the Fourth Crusade both the Byzantines and the Arabs were engaged Hostile_encounter in other conflicts until they were conquered Conquering by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries , respectively .

In 1806 , the French envoy Sebastiani had been dispatched Sending to Constantinople with orders to bring about Causation Turkey 's re-entry Arriving into the Napoleonic Wars Hostile_encounter .

In the meantime , the British ambassador to Constantinople , Arbuthnot , demanded Request that the Ottoman government evict Sebastiani , and added Cause_to_be_included that should the Ottomans resist Defending the ultimatum , the Mediterranean fleet would attack Attack .

Admiral Duckworth , who commanded Control the British , was under orders Request to bombard Attack Constantinople and seize Conquering the Turkish battle fleet .

With dwindling resources , Mehmed attacked Attack and defeated Conquering the smaller surrounding fortresses of Žabljak Crnojevića , Drisht , and Lezha , left Causation a siege force to starve Bodily_harm Shkodra into surrender Surrendering , and returned Arriving to Constantinople .

On January 25 , 1479 , Venice and Constantinople signed Sign_agreement a peace agreement Agree_or_refuse_to_act that ceded Surrendering Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire .

The Entente defeat Conquering at Kosturino led to Causation the complete withdrawal Escaping of Allied forces Causation from Serbia , thus enabling Preventing_or_letting the Central Powers to build Building the Berlin to Constantinople rail line .

Later , the Byzantines were unable to extract Getting any more assistance , and the Fourth Crusade even led to Causation the sack of Constantinople .

In 615 , during the ongoing war with the Byzantine Empire , the Sassanid Persian army under spahbod Shahin invaded Attack Asia Minor and reached Arriving Chalcedon , across the Bosporus from Constantinople .

This was not the first time the Persians drew Motion up their armies at the walls of Constantinople , but this time the invasion Hostile_encounter was more widespread .