The Bulgarian–Ottoman wars were fought Hostile_encounter between the kingdoms remaining Presence from the disintegrating Second Bulgarian Empire , and the Ottoman Empire , in the second half of the 14th century .

The wars resulted with the collapse and subordination of the Bulgarian Empire , and effectively came to an end Process_end with the Ottoman conquest of Tarnovo in July 1393 , although other Bulgarian territories , such as the Tsardom of Vidin , held Defending out slightly longer .

As a result of the wars the Ottoman Empire greatly expanded Expansion its territory on the Balkan peninsula , stretching Expansion from Danube to the Aegean Sea .

The situation in the Balkans on the eve of the Ottoman invasion Attack .

John Kantakouzenos on the other hand Giving regularly hired Employment Ottoman Turk mercenaries from Asia Minor who soon became Becoming a fixture on the battlefields in Thrace .

While at first he supported Supporting John Kantakouzenos , from the spring of 1344 Momchil reneged , provoked Causation by the aggression of the Ottoman allies .

In June he defeated Conquering the Ottoman fleet near the Portogalos bay .

According to sources , at night the Bulgarian ruler sent Sending boats to burn Destroying the anchored Ottoman ships and soon after he defeated Conquering the army of Kantakouzenos at Mosynopolis .

Probably the first local ruler to become aware of the impending Ottoman threat , Momchil unsuccessfully pleaded Request with the emperors of Bulgaria and Byzantium for help Assistance .

Sources attest that the independent ruler perished Death in the battle without leaving Departing asuccessor , and with little political will or leadership left Departing to counter the Ottoman invasion .

Until 1354 Ottoman forces again ravaged Destroying the lands around Yambol and Plovdiv as well as the lower valleys of the Maritsa and Tundzha rivers .

In the summer of 1806 , during the War Hostile_encounter of the Third Coalition ( of Britain , Russia , Prussia , Sweden ) , Napoleon 's ambassador General Count Sebastiani managed to convince Convincing the Porte to cancel Change_event_time all special privileges granted Preventing_or_letting to Russia in 1805 and to open Process_start the Ottoman straits ( Dardanelles ) exclusively to French warships .

In return , Napoleon promised Commitment to help Assistance the Sultan suppress Hindering a rebellion Violence in Serbia and to recover Recovering lost Earnings_and_losses Ottoman territories .

During the Dardanelles Operation Military_operation in September 1806 , Britain pressured Convincing Sultan Selim III to expel Extradition Sebastiani , declare Expressing_publicly war Hostile_encounter on France , cede the Danubian Principalities to Russia , and surrender Surrendering the Ottoman fleet , together with the forts on the Dardanelles , to the Royal Navy .

After Selim 's rejection Agree_or_refuse_to_act of the ultimatum , a British squadron , commanded Control by Vice-admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth , entered Arriving the Dardanelles on 19 February 1807 and the British destroyed Destroying the Ottoman naval force in the Sea of Marmara , and anchored Connect opposite Constantinople .

On 16 March 1807 , 5000 British troops embarked Self_motion on the Alexandria expedition Traveling of 1807 and occupied Control Alexandria in August , although Khedive Muhammad Ali defeated Conquering them heavily and forced them to evacuate Removing five months later after a short siege Besieging ; however , the Ottoman Empire had a little military support Supporting from France in the war Hostile_encounter with Russia .

Skanderbeg 's Macedonian campaign was a preemptive campaign Military_operation into the Ottoman Empire in Macedonia by Skanderbeg to defeat Conquering three Ottoman armies which had been prepared GetReady for the joint-invasion of Albania .

Skanderbeg 's Macedonian campaign was a preemptive campaign Military_operation into the Ottoman Empire in Macedonia by Skanderbeg to defeat Conquering three Ottoman armies which had been prepared GetReady for the joint-invasion of Albania .

The Turkish War of Independence ( `` War of Liberation '' , also known figuratively as `` İstiklâl Harbi '' `` Independence War '' or `` Millî Mücadele '' `` National Campaign '' ; 19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923 ) was fought Hostile_encounter between the Turkish National Movement and the proxies of the Allies – namely Greece on the Western Front , Armenia on the Eastern , France on the Southern , the royalists and the separatists in various cities , and with them , the United Kingdom and Italy in Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) – after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following the Ottomans ' defeat Conquering in World War I .

With the establishment of the Turkish National Movement , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , and the abolition of the sultanate , the Ottoman era and the Empire came to Self_motion an end Process_end , and with Atatürk 's reforms , the Turks created Creating the modern , secular nation-state of Turkey on the political front .

With the establishment of the Turkish National Movement , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , and the abolition of the sultanate , the Ottoman era and the Empire came to Self_motion an end Process_end , and with Atatürk 's reforms , the Turks created Creating the modern , secular nation-state of Turkey on the political front .

On 3 March 1924 , the Ottoman caliphate was officially abolished and the last Caliph was exiled .

On 30 October 1918 , the Armistice of Mudros was signed Sign_agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I , bringing hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I to a close .

Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe—the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice—stated the Triple Entente′s public position that they had no intention to dismantle Destroying the government of the Ottoman Empire or place it under military occupation by `` occupying Constantinople '' .

However , dismantling Destroying the Ottoman government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective of the Entente since the start of the war .

However , dismantling Destroying the Ottoman government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective of the Entente since the start of the war .

Beginning in December , French troops began Process_start successive seizures Control of Ottoman territory , including the towns of Antakya , Mersin , Tarsus , Ceyhan , Adana , Osmaniye and Islahiye .

On 19 January 1919 , the Paris Peace Conference , a meeting Social_event of Allied nations that set Placing the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers , including the Ottoman Empire , was first held .

Meanwhile , Allied countries continued to lay claim Statement to portions of the quickly crumbling Destroying Ottoman Empire .

The Second Barbary War ( 1815 ) or the U.S.–Algerian war was fought Hostile_encounter between the United States and the North African Barbary Coast states of Tripoli , Tunis , and Ottoman Algeria .

After the end of the war , the United States and European nations stopped Process_end paying Commerce_pay tribute to the pirate states ; this marked Recording the beginning of the end of piracy in that region , which had been rampant in the days of Ottoman domination during the 16th–18th centuries .

The Fall Conquering of Constantinople ( ; ) was the capture Conquering of the capital city of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Attack Ottoman army on the Sunday of Pentecost , 29 May 1453 .

After conquering Conquering the city , Sultan Mehmed transferred Change the capital of the Ottoman State from Edirne to Constantinople and established Creating his court there .

The conquest Conquering of Constantinople also dealt Resolve_problem a massive blow Influence to the defence Defending of mainland Europe , as the Muslim Ottoman armies thereafter were left Causation unchecked to advance Self_motion into Europe without an adversary Hostile_encounter to their rear .

In 1452 , the newly acceded Agree_or_refuse_to_act Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II ordered Request his first campaign against Skanderbeg , the chief of the League of Lezhë .

As soon as the Ottoman army was split Destroying into two separate forces , Skanderbeg attacked Attack and defeated Conquering both Hamza and Tahip .

There was also opposition voiced by the Armenian government , as well as a number of American diplomats and relief Assistance officials working Being_in_operation in the region , who cited Adducing Sultanov 's past collaboration with the Ottoman armies that had occupied Control the area in 1918 .

The Second Battle Hostile_encounter of Kosovo ( Hungarian : `` második rigómezei csata '' , Turkish : `` İkinci Kosova Savaşı '' ) ( 17–20 October 1448 ) was a land battle Hostile_encounter between a Hungarian-led Crusader army and the Ottoman Empire at Kosovo Polje .

In the three-day battle Hostile_encounter the Ottoman army under the command Control of Sultan Murad II defeated Conquering the Crusader army of regent John Hunyadi .

Having failed to locate Placing the main Ottoman army , whom he believed Know to still be at their capital in Edirne , Hunyadi was caught by surprise on 17 October when the Ottoman army appeared Presence in front of his men at Kosovo Field .

Having failed to locate Placing the main Ottoman army , whom he believed Know to still be at their capital in Edirne , Hunyadi was caught by surprise on 17 October when the Ottoman army appeared Presence in front of his men at Kosovo Field .

The battle Hostile_encounter ended Process_end any hopes of saving Rescuing Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire .

While rebel ranks consisted Forming_relationships mostly of the local peasantry , urban notables and Bedouin tribes also formed Coming_to_be an integral part of the revolt , which was a collective reaction to Egypt 's gradual elimination of the unofficial rights and privileges previously enjoyed by the various classes of society in the Levant under Ottoman rule .

However , the ultimate intention of the notables and rebel leaders was to force Request out the Egyptian army and reinstate Recovering Ottoman rule as a means of restoring the Ottoman-era standards that defined the relationship between the government and the governed .

The Battle Hostile_encounter of Chaldiran ( ; ) took place Process_start on 23 August 1514 and ended Process_end with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire .

It marked the first Ottoman expansion Expansion into Eastern Anatolia ( Western Armenia ) , and the halt Process_end of the Safavid expansion Expansion to the west .

His wives were captured Conquering by the Ottoman leader Selim I , with at least one married Forming_relationships off to one of Selim 's statesmen .

After their victory , Ottoman forces Causation marched Self_motion deeper into Persia , briefly occupying Control the Safavid capital , Tabriz , and thoroughly looting Robbery the Persian imperial treasury .

The Armenian Genocide ( , ; ; ) , also known as the Armenian Holocaust , was the Ottoman government 's systematic extermination of 700,000 to 1.5 million Armenians , mostly citizens of the Ottoman Empire .

The Armenian Genocide ( , ; ; ) , also known as the Armenian Holocaust , was the Ottoman government 's systematic extermination of 700,000 to 1.5 million Armenians , mostly citizens of the Ottoman Empire .