punjab , north-west frontier province , and kashmir were annexed Forming_relationships after the second anglo-sikh war in 1849 ; however , kashmir was immediately sold Commerce_sell under the 1846 treaty of amritsar to the dogra dynasty of jammu and thereby became Becoming a princely state .

since the late 1960s , india had developed Creating an elaborate plan to defend Defending the himalayan frontier with china .

this involved Participation the provision of screening Scrutiny defences at the line of actual control Control , or lac , and the building Building of strong defence nodes at key points along the frontier .

the campaign ended Process_end on 6 october with germany and the soviet union dividing and annexing the whole of poland under the terms of the unk frontier treaty .

Britain supplied Supply arms to American Indians who raided Attack American settlers on the frontier , hindering Hindering American expansion and provoking Causation resentment .

With most of its army in Europe fighting Hostile_encounter Napoleon , Britain adopted Choosing a defensive strategy , with offensive operations initially limited Limiting to the border and the western frontier .

In 215 BC , Qin Shi Huangdi ordered Request General Meng Tian to set out Military_operation against the Xiongnu tribes in the Ordos region , and establish Building a frontier region at the loop of the Yellow River .

Meng Tian was instructed Request to secure Preventing_or_letting the frontier with a line of fortifications , which would become Becoming known as the Great Wall of China .

The American frontier comprises Cause_to_be_included the geography , history , folklore , and cultural expression of life in the forward wave of American expansion Expansion that began Process_start with English colonial settlements Statement in the early 17th century and ended Process_end with the admission Becoming_a_member of the last remaining western territories as states in 1959 .

A `` frontier '' is a zone of contact at the edge of a line of settlement Statement .

Leading Participation theorist Frederick Jackson Turner went Self_motion deeper , arguing Quarreling that the frontier was the defining process of American civilization : `` The frontier , '' he asserted Statement , `` promoted Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale the formation Coming_to_be of a composite nationality for the American people . ''

Leading Participation theorist Frederick Jackson Turner went Self_motion deeper , arguing Quarreling that the frontier was the defining process of American civilization : `` The frontier , '' he asserted Statement , `` promoted Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale the formation Coming_to_be of a composite nationality for the American people . ''

Turner 's ideas since 1893 have inspired Influence generations of historians ( and critics ) to explore Scrutiny multiple individual American frontiers , but the popular folk frontier concentrates on the conquest Conquering and settlement Statement of Native American lands west of the Mississippi River , in what is now the Midwest , Texas , the Great Plains , the Rocky Mountains , the Southwest , the West Coast , and Hawaii .

As defined Statement by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells Telling the story of the creation Creating and defense Defending of communities , the use Using of the land , the development Cause_to_make_progress of markets , and the formation Coming_to_be of states . ''

Turner , in his `` Frontier Thesis '' ( 1893 ) , theorized Statement that the frontier was a process that transformed Change Europeans into a new people , the Americans , whose values focused Aiming on equality , democracy , and optimism , as well as individualism , self-reliance , and even violence Violence .

As the American frontier passed Motion_directional into history , the myths of the West in fiction and film took Action a firm hold Hold in the imagination of Americans and foreigners alike .

the xhosa wars ( also known as the cape frontier wars , or africa 's 100 years war ) were a series of nine wars or unk ( from 1779 to 1879 ) between the xhosa kingdom and european settlers in what is now the eastern cape in south africa .

The Eastern Roman emperor Justinian took this as a pretext to interfere Hindering in Vandal affairs , and after he secured Preventing_or_letting his eastern frontier with Sassanid Persia in 532 , he began Process_start preparing GetReady an expedition under general Belisarius , whose secretary Procopius wrote Writing the main historical narrative of the war .

The final stage of the offensive was to follow the meeting of the British and French armies , having broken Bodily_harm through the German lines , then the pursuit of the defeated German armies towards the German frontier .

U.S. officials , convinced Coming_to_believe that the British Band was hostile Hostile_encounter , mobilized Arranging a frontier militia and opened Body_movement fire Use_firearm on a delegation from the Native Americans on May 14 , 1832 .

The frontier between Granada and the Castilian lands of Andalusia was in a constant state Statement of flux , `` neither in peace nor in war . ''

Raids across the border were common , as were intermixing Cause_to_amalgamate alliances between local nobles on both sides of the frontier .

During this time , the frontier with Granada was practically ignored ; the Castilians did not even bother to ask Request for or obtain Getting reparation for a raid Attack in 1477 .

They pushed Motion back the colonial frontier in Massachusetts Bay , Plymouth , and Rhode Island colonies , burning Bodily_harm towns as they went Motion , including Providence in March 1676 .

With the end Process_end of the half-century-long Crusader threat Warning to their European frontier , Murad 's son Mehmed II was free Releasing to lay siege to Constantinople in 1453 .

Skanderbeg had been prepared GetReady and moved Motion towards the Albanian frontier .

They judged Deciding that the physical constraints of German , Belgian and French railways and the Belgian and northern French road networks made it impossible to move enough troops far enough and fast enough for them to fight a decisive battle if the French retreated from the frontier .

Between August 1944 and May 1945 , French forces Hostile_encounter again faced Confronting_problem Italian troops along the Alpine frontier .

The situation did not stabilize Cause_change_of_strength until after the failure of the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 718 , when the Taurus Mountains on the eastern rim of Asia Minor became Becoming established Creating as the mutual , heavily fortified and largely depopulated frontier .

The last century of the Arab–Byzantine wars Hostile_encounter was dominated Control by frontier conflicts with the Fatimids in Syria , but the border remained stable until the appearance Presence of a new people , the Seljuk Turks , after 1060 .

With the conclusion Process_end of the Ottoman–Safavid War ( 1603–18 ) , Shah Abbas was secure enough for a war Hostile_encounter on his eastern frontier , so in 1621 he ordered Request an army to gather Come_together at Nishapur .

Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye , barley , wheat , corn , or fermented Change grain mixtures to make Causation whiskey .

The expedition Self_motion was in retaliation for a French and Indian raid Attack against the Massachusetts frontier community of Deerfield earlier that year .

The Americans also increased Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale their military presence on the frontier , building Building Fort Winnebago and reoccupying Attack two other abandoned GiveUp forts .

The Desert Column of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) attacked Attack an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison at El Magruntein to the south of Rafah , close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire , to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid .

The Tang Dynasty achieved Achieve its maximum extent as China 's western borders reached Arriving the eastern frontier of the Arabic Umayyad Caliphate .

The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I ( , , `` Vostochnıy front '' ) was a theater of operations that encompassed Coming_to_be at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire , Bulgaria , the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other .

the expedition was effectively a temporary invasion Attack by british indian forces under the auspices of the tibet frontier commission , whose purported Statement mission was to establish Creating diplomatic relations and resolve Resolve_problem the dispute Quarreling over the border between tibet and sikkim .

The Army of the North , commanded Control by Manuel Belgrano , mutinied Change_of_leadership at Arequito , as the troops and the officiality refused Agree_or_refuse_to_act to fight a civil war , and asked Request instead to go back to the northern frontier to fight Defending the royalists .

French , Algonquin , and Abenaki warriors under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville descended on Motion_directional Haverhill , then a small frontier community in the Province of Massachusetts Bay .

The raid Hostile_encounter was more costly to the French than previous frontier raids Attack like that in 1704 on Deerfield , Massachusetts because the province had been warned Warning of the raiders ' advance .

British operations failed in the frontier areas of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Province of New York during 1755–57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies .

They were renamed Name_conferral Xinjiang ( ) in 1884 , meaning `` new frontier , '' when both regions were reconquered Conquering by the Chinese Qing dynasty after the Dungan revolt Change_of_leadership ( 1862-1877 ) .

In addition to being one of the most well-known range wars of the American frontier , its themes , especially class warfare , served Assistance as a basis for numerous popular novels , films , and television shows in the Western genre .

The 1704 Raid on Deerfield ( also known as the Deerfield Massacre ) occurred Presence during Queen Anne 's War on February 29 when French and Native American forces under the command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville attacked Attack the English frontier settlement at Deerfield , Massachusetts , just before dawn .

Typical of the small-scale frontier conflict Hostile_encounter in Queen Anne 's War , the French-led raid Attack relied on a coalition of French soldiers and a variety of about 300 Indian warriors , mostly Abenaki but including a number of Pocumtuc who had once lived in the Deerfield area .

However , the raid Attack was a clear victory for the French coalition that aimed Aiming to take captives Conquering and unsettle English colonial frontier society .

The raid Attack has been immortalized Preserving as a part of the early American frontier story , principally due to the published account by a prominent captive , the Rev .

at its peak from 1946 through 1959 , the frontier fiesta received Receiving national attention by drawing Bringing huge crowds of up to 200,000 people and was profiled in `` life '' magazine .

It has been described Statement as one of the most horrific frontier massacres of the war .