On 30 April , Italy responded Response to the possible idea of Greek incorporation of Western Anatolia by also sending Sending a warship to Smyrna ( Izmir ) as a show of force against the Greek campaign .

The Greek campaign of Western Anatolia began Process_start on 15 May 1919 , as Greek troops began Process_start landing Motion in Smyrna .

All local lords who surrendered Surrendering were transferred Sending either to Constantinople or to Anatolia and most of them were later assimilated Cause_to_amalgamate into the Byzantine society .

The elderly German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded Response to the call to arms , leading a massive army across Anatolia , but he drowned Death in a river in Asia Minor on 10 June 1190 before reaching Arriving the Holy Land .

Mu'tasim targeted Aiming Amorium , a Byzantine city in western Asia Minor ( modern Anatolia ) , because it was the birthplace of the ruling Byzantine dynasty and , at the time , one of Byzantium 's largest and most important cities .

As a result , the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from Safavid Iran .

It marked the first Ottoman expansion Expansion into Eastern Anatolia ( Western Armenia ) , and the halt Process_end of the Safavid expansion Expansion to the west .

Nonetheless , John 's tireless campaigns Military_operation drove Motion the Turks deep into Anatolia and by 1143 the Seljuk Turks had lost Earnings_and_losses all control Control of the coastal regions of Asia Minor .

Urban called Request for a military expedition Conquering to aid Assistance the Byzantine Empire , which had recently lost Earnings_and_losses most of Anatolia to the Seljuq Turks .

The resulting Causation military expedition Conquering of primarily Frankish nobles , known as the Princes ' Crusade , not only re-captured Attack much of Anatolia but went on to conquer Conquering the Holy Land ( the Levant ) , which had fallen Motion_directional to Islamic expansion Expansion as early as the 7th century , and culminated Process_end in July 1099 in the re-conquest Recovering of Jerusalem and the establishment Creating of the Kingdom of Jerusalem .

Mobs of peasants and laymen travelled Traveling to Anatolia where they came up Motion against the Turks , on the way attacking Attack populations of Jews in the Rhineland .

The crusaders marched Self_motion into Anatolia , capturing Conquering Nicaea in June 1097 and Antioch in June 1098 .

After the end Process_end of the War the Ottoman Empire offered Giving to harbour the Circassians who did not wish to accept Response the rule of a Christian monarch , and many emigrated Escaping to Anatolia , the heart of the Ottoman territory and ended up Process_end in modern Turkey , Syria , Jordan , Palestine , Israel , Iraq and Kosovo .

Between 780–1180 , the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid & Fatimid caliphates in the regions of Iraq , Palestine , Syria , Anatolia and Southern Italy fought Hostile_encounter a series of wars for supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean .

In order to attack Attack Damietta in Egypt , they allied Collaboration in Anatolia with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm which attacked Attack the Ayyubids in Syria in an attempt to free the Crusaders from fighting Hostile_encounter on two fronts .

Further successful campaigns Military_operation were carried out Military_operation in the Levant , in the mountains east of Assyria , against the kingdoms of Urartu , Cilicia and the Neo-Hittites of Anatolia , and against the Arabs in the northern Arabian deserts .

A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Anatolia led to a siege , and a Turkish attempt Hold to reinforce Cause_change_of_strength the garrison was destroyed Destroying by a Russian fleet at Sinop .