The defeat Conquering was a major loss Earnings_and_losses of face for Maximilian , and the Holy Roman Empire would not attempt another invasion Attack of Italy until 1516 .

The Hispanic victims of the accident Catastrophe were placed Placing in a mass grave at Holy Cross Cemetery in Fresno , California , with their grave marked Recording only as `` Mexican Nationals '' .

Casualties Killing were overwhelmingly and disproportionately inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire , most of the rest being battle deaths from various foreign armies .

Initially a war between various Protestant and Catholic states in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire , it gradually developed Coming_to_be into a more general conflict Hostile_encounter involving most of the European great powers .

The war was preceded Process_start by the election Choosing of the new Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor , Ferdinand II , who tried to impose Action religious uniformity on his domains , forcing Hostile_encounter Roman Catholicism on its peoples .

These events caused Causation widespread fears throughout northern and central Europe , and triggered Causation the Protestant Bohemians living in the then relatively loose dominion of Habsburg Austria ( and also with the Holy Roman Empire ) to revolt Change_of_leadership against their nominal ruler , Ferdinand II .

Habsburg Spain , wishing to finally crush Bodily_harm the Dutch rebels in the Netherlands and the Dutch Republic ( which was de facto independent since 1581 but de jure still a part of the Holy Roman Empire ) , intervened under the pretext of helping its dynastic Habsburg ally , Austria .

The Dutch Republic enjoyed contrasting fortune ; it obtained Getting independence from the Holy Roman Empire and also from Spain ( which had directly controlled Control the Dutch lands despite it not being part of the Holy Roman Empire ) thus concluding Process_end its 80-year revolt Change_of_leadership against Spain .

The Dutch Republic enjoyed contrasting fortune ; it obtained Getting independence from the Holy Roman Empire and also from Spain ( which had directly controlled Control the Dutch lands despite it not being part of the Holy Roman Empire ) thus concluding Process_end its 80-year revolt Change_of_leadership against Spain .

The Peace of Augsburg , also called Name_conferral the Augsburg Settlement , was a treaty Sign_agreement between Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor , and the Schmalkaldic League , signed Sign_agreement in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg .

It officially ended Process_end the religious struggle Hostile_encounter between the two groups and made Creating the legal division of Christianity permanent within the Holy Roman Empire , allowing Preventing_or_letting rulers to choose Choosing either Lutheranism or Roman Catholicism as the official confession of their state .

In this 90-minute battle Hostile_encounter , Frederick the Great , king of Prussia , defeated Conquering an Allied army composed of French forces augmented Cause_to_amalgamate by a contingent of the Reichsarmee ( Imperial Army ) of the Holy Roman Empire .

The Hussite Wars , also called Request the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution Change_of_leadership , were fought Hostile_encounter between the Christian Hussites and the combined Cause_to_amalgamate Christian Catholic forces Hostile_encounter of Sigismund , Holy Roman Emperor , the Papacy and various European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church , as well as among various Hussite factions themselves .

The Declaratio Ferdinandei ( ) was a clause in the Peace of Augsburg , signed Sign_agreement in 1555 to end Process_end conflicts Hostile_encounter between Catholics and Protestants within the Holy Roman Empire .

After Catholic victories Earnings_and_losses early in the Thirty Years ' War Hostile_encounter , the `` Declaratio Ferdinandei '' was overturned Process_end in the Edict Legal_rulings of Restitution of 1629 , which was part of Ferdinand II 's master plan Arranging to reconvert the Holy Roman Empire to Catholicism .

The overturning Process_end of the `` Declaratio Ferdinandei '' and other religious persecution Bodily_harm helped Assistance rekindle Recovering the Thirty Years ' War Hostile_encounter , changing Change it from an internal conflict Hostile_encounter within the Holy Roman Empire into an international religious war Hostile_encounter .

The Cologne War Hostile_encounter ( 1583–88 ) was a conflict Hostile_encounter between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated Destroying the Electorate of Cologne , a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire , within present-day North Rhine-Westphalia , in Germany .

This principle excluded Preventing_or_letting , or `` reserved Preserving '' , the ecclesiastical territories of the Holy Roman Empire from the application of `` cuius regio , eius religio '' , or `` whose rule , his religion '' , as the primary means of determining Deciding the religion of a territory .

The Third Crusade ( 1189–1192 ) was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity ( England , France , and the Holy Roman Empire ) to reconquer Conquering the Holy Land following the capture Conquering of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan , Saladin , in 1187 .

The Third Crusade ( 1189–1192 ) was an attempt by the leaders of the three most powerful states of Western Christianity ( England , France , and the Holy Roman Empire ) to reconquer Conquering the Holy Land following the capture Conquering of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan , Saladin , in 1187 .

The elderly German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa also responded Response to the call to arms , leading a massive army across Anatolia , but he drowned Death in a river in Asia Minor on 10 June 1190 before reaching Arriving the Holy Land .

After the Crusaders had driven Influence the Muslims from Acre , Philip—in company with Frederick 's successor in command of the German crusaders , Leopold V , Duke of Austria ( known as Leopold the Virtuous ) —left the Holy Land in August 1191 .

Richard departed Departing the Holy Land on 9 October 1192 .

The Battle Hostile_encounter of Hard was the first large-scale battle Hostile_encounter in the Swabian War Military_operation , waged Hold between the Imperials under the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and the Swiss Confederates .

An end Process_end was reached Arriving in 1648 with the Peace of Münster ( a treaty part of the Peace of Westphalia ) , when the Dutch Republic was definitively recognised Know as an independent country no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire .

The First Crusade ( 1095–1099 ) was the first of a number of crusades Military_operation that attempted to recapture Recovering the Holy Land , called Request for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 .

The resulting Causation military expedition Conquering of primarily Frankish nobles , known as the Princes ' Crusade , not only re-captured Attack much of Anatolia but went on to conquer Conquering the Holy Land ( the Levant ) , which had fallen Motion_directional to Islamic expansion Expansion as early as the 7th century , and culminated Process_end in July 1099 in the re-conquest Recovering of Jerusalem and the establishment Creating of the Kingdom of Jerusalem .

Urban 's convocation Come_together of the Council of Clermont was specifically dedicated to this purpose , proposing siege warfare Hostile_encounter against the recently occupied cities of Nicaea and Antioch , even though Urban 's speech Social_event at Clermont in the testimony of witnesses writing Writing after 1100 was phrased Communication to allude to the re-conquest Recovering of Jerusalem and the Holy Land as additional goals .

Mieszko I , Poland 's first documented Recording ruler based in Greater Poland , had successfully campaigned Military_operation in the Cedynia area , then a West Slavic tribal territory also coveted by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I and German nobles .

The principle of `` cuius regio '' did not address Statement the emerging Coming_to_be trend toward religious pluralism ( co-existence within a single territory ) developing Cause_to_make_progress throughout the German-speaking lands of the Holy Roman Empire .

In September 1805 the Electorate of Bavaria under Prince-elector Maximilian I Joseph of Wittelsbach , that had been allied Collaboration with the Habsburg Monarchy under the common federally structured Holy Roman Empire , went Change over to Napoleonic France : the Bavarian Minister Count Maximilian von Montgelas , realizing the French superiority while fearing the ambitions of the newly established Austrian Empire , signed Sign_agreement a secret defence alliance at Bogenhausen .

The Ottoman–Habsburg wars Hostile_encounter were fought Hostile_encounter from the 16th through the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy , which was at times supported Supporting by the Holy Roman Empire , Kingdom of Hungary , Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and Habsburg Spain .

The Protestant Reformation , the French–Habsburg rivalry and the numerous civil conflicts of the Holy Roman Empire served Assistance as distractions to the Christians from their conflict with the Ottomans .

Following the Siege of Vienna in 1683 the Habsburgs were able to assemble Come_together a large coalition of European powers known as the Holy League , allowing Preventing_or_letting them to effectively combat Hostile_encounter the Ottomans and to regain Getting control over Hungary .

The Great Turkish War ended Process_end with the decisive Holy League victory at Zenta .

However , his brother , Francis II , the Holy Roman Emperor , and the civilian military advisers of the Aulic Council categorically refused Agree_or_refuse_to_act such an armistice , forcing Hostile_encounter Charles to order simultaneous sieges at Hüningen and Kehl .

The conflict split Causation Europe into two coalitions : one was led by the Kingdom of Great Britain and included Cause_to_be_included the Kingdom of Prussia , the Kingdom of Portugal , the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg , and other small German states ; while the other was led by the Kingdom of France and included Cause_to_be_included the Austrian-led Holy Roman Empire , the Russian Empire ( until 1762 ) , the Kingdom of Spain , Sweden , and the Electorate of Saxony .

The battle Hostile_encounter occurred Coming_to_be during Holy Week , 1799 , amid rain and dense fog .

During the war , France and its client states under Napoleon I defeated Conquering an alliance , the Third Coalition , made up Come_together of the Holy Roman Empire , Russia , Britain and others .

As a direct consequence of these events , the Holy Roman Empire ceased Process_end to exist when , in 1806 , Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated Change_of_leadership the Imperial throne , emerging Coming_to_be as Francis I , Emperor of Austria .

As a direct consequence of these events , the Holy Roman Empire ceased Process_end to exist when , in 1806 , Holy Roman Emperor Francis II abdicated Change_of_leadership the Imperial throne , emerging Coming_to_be as Francis I , Emperor of Austria .

The Ninth Crusade was a military expedition to the Holy Land under the command of Prince Edward , the future King Edward I of England , in 1271–1272 .

It was an extension of the Eighth Crusade and was the last of the Crusades to reach Arriving the Holy Land before the fall of Acre in 1291 brought Bringing an end to the permanent crusader presence there .

Castelnuovo had been conquered Conquering by elements of various Spanish tercios the year before during the failed campaign of the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire in Eastern Mediterranean waters .

These terms were rejected Response by the Spanish commanding Control officer Francisco de Sarmiento and his captains even though they knew Know that the Holy League 's fleet , defeated Conquering at the Battle of Preveza , could not relieve them .

This time the Russian army included Cause_to_be_included a number of artillerymen , brought Bringing from the Holy Roman Empire by Michael Glinski .

The Fifth Crusade ( 1217–1221 ) was an attempt by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt .

When Pope Julius II declared Expressing_publicly a Holy League against France in late 1511 , Navarre attempted to remain Presence neutral .

The Venetians launched Process_start a diplomatic campaign for allies , since the Uskoks were vassals of Archduke Ferdinand of Inner Austria ( who was likely to seek help from the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias—his uncle—and King Philip III of Spain , his brother-in-law .

The Nine Years ' War ( 1688–1697 ) , often called Name_conferral the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg , was a conflict Hostile_encounter between Louis XIV of France and a European coalition of the Holy Roman Empire ( led by Austria ) , the Dutch Republic , Spain , England and Savoy .