In 811 , al-Amin 's troops marched Self_motion against Khurasan , but al-Ma'mun 's general Tahir ibn Husayn defeated Conquering them in the Battle Hostile_encounter of Rayy , and then invaded Attack Iraq and besieged Besieging Baghdad itself .

In addition , the pro-Khurasani policies followed by al-Ma'mun 's powerful chief minister , al-Fadl ibn Sahl , and al-Ma'mun 's espousal of an Alid succession in the person of Ali al-Ridha , alienated Influence the traditional Baghdad élites , who saw themselves increasingly marginalized Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale .

Fadl ibn Sahl was assassinated Killing and al-Ma'mun left GiveUp Khurasan for Baghdad , which he entered Arriving in 819 .

The Battle Hostile_encounter of Tawahin ( , `` Battle Hostile_encounter of the Mills '' ) was fought Hostile_encounter in 885 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate under Abu ' l-Abbas ibn al-Muwaffaq ( the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid ) and the autonomous Tulunid ruler of Egypt and Syria , Khumarawayh .

According to historian Ibn Khaldun , when the Marinid dynasty took Conquering control over Salé from the Almohad Caliphate , Yacoub ben Abdellah le Mérinide rebelled Hostile_encounter against his uncle Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq , and sought the assistance Assistance of King Alfonso X. Ruy López de Mendoza , Admiral of Castile formed Coming_to_be an armada to assist Assistance with Castilian crusades on the North African coast .

The attack Attack on Gibraltar was ordered Arranging by the recently crowned Marinid ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman in response to an appeal by the Nasrid ruler Muhammed IV of Granada .

The Umayyads under the governor of Khurasan , Asad ibn Abdallah al-Qasri , had invaded Attack the principality of Khuttal in Transoxiana , and the local ruler Control called Request upon the Türgesh for aid Assistance .

In 644 at Madinah , Caliph Umar ( Omar ) was succeeded Change_of_leadership by Uthman ibn Affan ( Othman ) , during whose twelve-year rule Armenia , Cyprus , and all of Iran , would be added Cause_to_be_included to the growing Expansion Islamic empire ; Afghanistan and North Africa would receive Receiving major invasions Attack ; and Muslim sea raids Attack would range Cause_to_be_included from Rhodes to the southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula .

The earliest Arab accounts Statement that have come Motion down to us are those of ibn 'Abd al-Hakam , al-Baladhuri and Khalifah ibn Khayyat , all of which were written in Writing the 9th century , some 200 years after the first invasions Attack .

The earliest Arab accounts Statement that have come Motion down to us are those of ibn 'Abd al-Hakam , al-Baladhuri and Khalifah ibn Khayyat , all of which were written in Writing the 9th century , some 200 years after the first invasions Attack .

In the case of the most informative , the `` History of the Conquest of Egypt and North Africa and Spain '' by ibn 'Abd al-Hakam , Robert Brunschvig has shown Presence that it was written Writing with a view Perception_active to illustrating Statement points of Maliki law rather than documenting Recording a history , and that some of the events it describes Statement are probably historical .

Beginning Process_start in the 12th century , scholars at Kairouan began Process_start to construct Creating a new version of the history of the conquest Conquering , which was finalised Creating by Ibrahim ibn ar-Raqiq .

This version was copied Writing in its entirety , and sometimes interpolated Creating , by later authors , reaching Arriving its zenith in the 14th century with scholars such as ibn Idhari , ibn Khaldun and al-Nuwayri .

This version was copied Writing in its entirety , and sometimes interpolated Creating , by later authors , reaching Arriving its zenith in the 14th century with scholars such as ibn Idhari , ibn Khaldun and al-Nuwayri .

The war involved Cause_to_be_included the suppression of two challenges to the Umayyad dynasty , the first by Husayn ibn Ali , as well as his supporters including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi who rallied for his revenge in Iraq , and the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr .

The war involved Cause_to_be_included the suppression of two challenges to the Umayyad dynasty , the first by Husayn ibn Ali , as well as his supporters including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi who rallied for his revenge in Iraq , and the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr .

The war involved Cause_to_be_included the suppression of two challenges to the Umayyad dynasty , the first by Husayn ibn Ali , as well as his supporters including Sulayman ibn Surad and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi who rallied for his revenge in Iraq , and the second by Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr .

Husayn ibn Ali was invited Request by the pro-Alids of Kufa to overthrow Change_of_leadership the Umayyads but was killed Killing with his small company en route to Kufa at the Battle of Karbala in October 680 .

Under the leadership of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan , the Umayyads reasserted Recovering control over the caliphate after defeating the Zubayrids at the Battle of Maskin in Iraq and killing Ibn al-Zubayr in the Siege of Mecca in 692 .

It had been prompted Causation by the actions of the Zirid ruler Tamim ibn Muizz ( reigned Control 1062–1108 ) as a pirate in waters off the Italian Peninsula , along with his involvement in Sicily fighting Hostile_encounter the Norman invasion .

The Umayyad army , under Muslim ibn Sa'id al-Kilabi , was campaigning in the Ferghana Valley when it learned Education_teaching of the Türgesh advance .

Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud head of the clan requested Request supplies Supply and men from the Kuwaiti Emir to retake Conquering his home town .

An outnumbered force led by the Umayyad general al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah engaged Participation the Khazars for three days .

According to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari and other Arab historians , the Muslims were so enraged by Barjik 's desecration of their commander 's head that they fought Defending with extra vigor .

The siege lasted Process_end through the winter of 827–828 and until summer , during which time the besieging forces suffered Bodily_harm greatly from lack of food and an outbreak of an epidemic , which claimed Statement the life of their commander , Asad ibn al-Furat .

In the face of Byzantine reinforcements , the new Arab leader , Muhammad ibn Abi ' l-Jawari , abandoned GiveUp the siege Besieging and withdrew Escaping to the southwestern part of the island , which remained in their hands .