Beginning Process_start in the 12th century , scholars at Kairouan began Process_start to construct Creating a new version of the history of the conquest Conquering , which was finalised Creating by Ibrahim ibn ar-Raqiq .

This version was copied Writing in its entirety , and sometimes interpolated Creating , by later authors , reaching Arriving its zenith in the 14th century with scholars such as ibn Idhari , ibn Khaldun and al-Nuwayri .

The resulting Causation military expedition Conquering of primarily Frankish nobles , known as the Princes ' Crusade , not only re-captured Attack much of Anatolia but went on to conquer Conquering the Holy Land ( the Levant ) , which had fallen Motion_directional to Islamic expansion Expansion as early as the 7th century , and culminated Process_end in July 1099 in the re-conquest Recovering of Jerusalem and the establishment Creating of the Kingdom of Jerusalem .

The Arab–Byzantine wars Hostile_encounter were a series of wars Hostile_encounter between the mostly Arab Muslims and the Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD , started Process_start during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century .

The Arab–Byzantine wars Hostile_encounter were a series of wars Hostile_encounter between the mostly Arab Muslims and the Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries AD , started Process_start during the initial Muslim conquests under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century .

Under the Abbasid Empire , relations became Becoming more normal , with embassies exchanged Exchange and even periods of truce , but conflict Hostile_encounter remained the norm , with almost annual raids Attack and counter-raids , sponsored Supply either by the Abbasid government or by local rulers , well into the 10th century .

The last century of the Arab–Byzantine wars Hostile_encounter was dominated Control by frontier conflicts with the Fatimids in Syria , but the border remained stable until the appearance Presence of a new people , the Seljuk Turks , after 1060 .

The origin and growth Expansion of this annual get-together for one week at a stretch Expansion can be traced to the great revival movement Social_event which gathered Come_together momentum during the reformation period in the Syrian Churches of Kerala under the pioneering leadership of Abraham Malpan in the latter part of the 19th century .

The Free State of Galveston ( sometimes referred to as the Republic of Galveston Island ) was a whimsical name given Giving to the coastal city of Galveston in the U.S. state of Texas during the early-to-mid-20th century .

However , crackdowns against gambling and prostitution in Texas during the mid-20th century made Causation these businesses increasingly difficult to sustain .

The tax applied Using to all distilled spirits , but American whiskey was by far the country 's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century , so the excise became Becoming widely known as a `` whiskey tax '' .

After conquering Conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia , the Macedonian king ( and now the great king of the Persian Empire ) , Alexander , launched Military_operation a campaign into the Indian subcontinent in present-day Pakistan , part of which formed Coming_to_be the easternmost territories of the Achaemenid Empire following Motion the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley ( 6th century BC ) .

The deliberate German targeting Aiming of civilian morale presaged the total wars Hostile_encounter of the 20th century .

Tension between whites and Chinese immigrants in the late 19th century American West was particularly high , especially in the decade preceding the violence Violence .

It would be a quarter of a century before John L. Lewis would turn Change the Mine Workers into a successful union again .

It began Process_start during the late 19th century as a meeting of Pennsylvanians living in New York City who gathered Come_together annually beginning Process_start in 1899 to discuss Communication events in their home state .

At least five separate campaigns were fought Hostile_encounter in the area during a period of relative peace in the long-running 19th century New Zealand Wars .

The Syro-Ephraimite War took place Process_start in the 8th century BC , when the Neo-Assyrian Empire was a great regional power .

By the early 20th century , Bulgaria , Greece , Montenegro and Serbia had achieved Achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire , but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule .

through the early 21st century the festival , having changed Change its avatar and adopted Choosing the name unk ' , grew Expansion rapidly with the help Assistance of corporate sponsorship , collaboration with large-scale event organisers and international artistes from 5 continents .

its central phrases and cultural symbols , such as `` la marseillaise '' and `` UNK , UNK , UNK , ou la mort '' , became Becoming the clarion call for other major upheavals in modern history , including the russian revolution Change_of_leadership over a century later .

some of its central documents , such as the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen , continued to inspire movements for abolitionism and universal suffrage in the next century .

It was the strongest recorded Recording in Victoria in at least three decades , with some sources suggesting Statement it was the strongest in over a century .

It was the bloodiest military conflict fought Hostile_encounter in South America during the 20th century , between two of its poorest countries , both having previously lost Earnings_and_losses territory to neighbors in 19th-century wars Hostile_encounter .

In this period of history , the Circassians were Christians ; Islam did not begin Process_start to penetrate Circassia until the following century .

The effects Influence of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras included Cause_to_be_included the worst flooding Catastrophe in Honduras in the 20th century .

The battle is recounted Statement in the 11th century `` The Song of Roland '' , the oldest surviving major work of French literature , and in `` Orlando Furioso '' , one of the most celebrated Social_event works of Italian literature .

since the 19th century , historians have expressed Expressing_publicly doubts about the existence of this conflict .

The last two decades of the century saw Motion continuous clashes Hostile_encounter between Indonesian and East Timorese groups over the status of East Timor , until 1999 , when a majority of East Timorese voted Choosing overwhelmingly for independence Forming_relationships ( the alternative option being `` special autonomy '' while remaining Temporary_stay part of Indonesia ) .

With the rise Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale of nationalism in the 19th century , the tragic fate of the rebellion and of Andreas Hofer became Becoming a national myth especially for the German speaking Tyroleans .

The siege of 1624 captured Conquering the attention of European princes and , along with other battles like White Mountain ( 1620 ) , played Motion a part in the Spanish army regaining Getting the formidable reputation it had held Defending throughout the previous century .

After a period of indecisive and slow border warfare , a string of almost unbroken Byzantine victories in the late 10th and early 11th centuries allowed Preventing_or_letting three Byzantine Emperors , namely Nikephoros II Phokas , John I Tzimiskes and finally Basil II to recapture Conquering territory lost Earnings_and_losses to the Muslim conquests in the 7th century Arab–Byzantine wars under the failing Rewards_and_punishments Heraclian Dynasty .

By the 16th century , the Ottomans had become Becoming a serious threat to the European powers , with Ottoman ships sweeping away Venetian possessions in the Aegean and Ionian seas and Ottoman-supported Barbary pirates seizing Spanish possessions in the Maghreb .

Intermittent tension between Austria and the Ottoman Empire continued throughout the nineteenth century , but they never again fought Hostile_encounter each other in a war and ultimately found Know themselves allied in World War I , in the aftermath of which both empires were dissolved .

Nevertheless , the Ottomans were able to maintain Preserving military parity with the Habsburgs until the middle of the eighteenth century .

It was the worst rail disaster Catastrophe in the UK in the nineteenth century , and remains Presence Ireland 's worst railway disaster Catastrophe ever .

In the 1790s , the Rhine was wild , unpredictable , and difficult to cross Motion_directional , in some places more than four or more times wider than it is in the twenty-first century , even under non-flood conditions .

These had been constructed Building by the fortress architect Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban in the seventeenth century .

This was Japan 's worst earthquake Catastrophe in the 20th century after the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 , which claimed Statement more than 105,000 lives .

As of the early 21st century the festival Social_event is held Hold in May .

In the first half of the 16th century , Spain established Creating neighbouring colonies in Yucatán to the north and Guatemala to the south .

The Cambodian–Thai border dispute Quarreling began Process_start in June 2008 as the latest round of a century-long dispute Quarreling between Cambodia and Thailand involving the area surrounding Surrounding the 11th century Preah Vihear Temple , in the Dângrêk Mountains between the Choam Khsant district in the Preah Vihear Province of northern Cambodia and the Kantharalak district ( `` amphoe '' ) in Sisaket Province of northeastern Thailand .

By August 2008 , the dispute had expanded Expansion to the 13th century Ta Moan temple complex west of Preah Vihear ( ) , where Cambodia has accused Judgment_communication Thai troops of occupying Hold a temple complex it claims Statement is on Cambodian land .

Many ladders were knocked down and the siege tower got stuck in mud on the banks of the River Eden which surrounded Surrounding all of the castle that was not enclosed Placing within the city walls ( the course of the river was changed Change at some point in the 19th century ) .

australia began Process_start the match needing only a draw to retain Preserving the ashes , but an inspired bowling performance from stuart broad to remove Removing australia for just 160 runs , and a maiden test century for jonathan trott in england 's second innings left australia chasing 546 with two days left Departing to play .

although the unk massacre , and others that followed Motion it , are often viewed Perception_active ( variously ) as a royalist revolt Change_of_leadership , or a counter-revolution , twenty-first century historians generally agree Agree_or_refuse_to_act that vendee revolt Change_of_leadership was a complicated popular event brought on Causation by anti-clericalism of the revolution Change_of_leadership , mass conscription , and jacobin unk .

The reasons behind the conflict are still far from being resolved Resolve_problem after nearly a century .

This day is Saint Silvester 's Day , as it is the day in which the Catholic saint , who was a Pope , died Death in the 4th century of the Christian Era .

The AngloPowhatan Wars Hostile_encounter were three wars Hostile_encounter fought Hostile_encounter between settlers of the Virginia Colony and Algonquin Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century .

In the nineteenth century , the British conquered Conquering Burma and Sikkim , occupying Control the whole southern flank of Tibet .