The Ottoman Empire also attacked Attack Bulgaria and advanced Cause_to_make_progress in Thrace regaining Recovering Adrianople .

After the end Process_end of the War the Ottoman Empire offered Giving to harbour the Circassians who did not wish to accept Response the rule of a Christian monarch , and many emigrated Escaping to Anatolia , the heart of the Ottoman territory and ended up Process_end in modern Turkey , Syria , Jordan , Palestine , Israel , Iraq and Kosovo .

After the end Process_end of the War the Ottoman Empire offered Giving to harbour the Circassians who did not wish to accept Response the rule of a Christian monarch , and many emigrated Escaping to Anatolia , the heart of the Ottoman territory and ended up Process_end in modern Turkey , Syria , Jordan , Palestine , Israel , Iraq and Kosovo .

In the late 1550s , the ruler of one of the Kabardás , Temryuk ( or Temriuk ) , struck Attack a politico-military alliance with Tsar Ivan IV of Russia ( `` Ivan the Terrible '' ) , for mutual assistance against expansionist attacks Attack by the Persian and Ottoman Empires .

The German ships evaded Escaping the British fleet and passed Motion_directional through the Dardanelles to reach Arriving Constantinople , where they were eventually handed over Giving to the Ottoman Empire .

Renamed Name_conferral Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midili '' , the former `` Goeben '' and `` Breslau '' were ordered Request by their German commander to attack Attack Russian positions , in doing so bringing Bringing the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers .

The attack Attack by the Anzac Mounted Division took place Process_start against an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison to the south and east of Bir Lahfan in the Sinai desert , some inland from the Mediterranean coast .

This Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) victory against the Ottoman Empire garrison also secured the town of El Arish after the Ottoman garrison withdrew .

This Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) victory against the Ottoman Empire garrison also secured the town of El Arish after the Ottoman garrison withdrew .

In August 1916 , a combined Cause_to_amalgamate Ottoman and German Empire army had been forced to retreat Escaping to Bir el Abd , after the British victory in the Battle Hostile_encounter of Romani .

Patrols and reconnaissances Scrutiny were carried out Military_operation by British forces , to protect the continuing construction of the railway and water pipeline and to deny Preventing_or_letting passage across the Sinai desert to the Ottoman forces by destroying Destroying water cisterns and wells .

An Ottoman Army garrison in a strong defensive Defending position was located at Magdhaba , some inland to the south east , on the Wadi el Arish .

After a second night march by the Anzac Mounted Division ( Australian and New Zealand Mounted Division ) , the attack Attack on Magdhaba was launched by Australian , British and New Zealand troops against well-entrenched Ottoman forces defending Defending a series of six redoubts .

All of the well-camouflaged redoubts were eventually located and captured Conquering and the Ottoman defenders surrendered Surrendering in the late afternoon .

The Capture Conquering of Bougie occurred Presence in 1555 when the Ottoman ruler of Algiers Salah Rais took Conquering the city of Béjaïa from the Spaniards .

The death of Manuel Komnenos in 1180 terminated Process_end military campaigns far from Constantinople and after the Fourth Crusade both the Byzantines and the Arabs were engaged Hostile_encounter in other conflicts until they were conquered Conquering by the Ottoman Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries , respectively .

The Ottoman–Habsburg wars Hostile_encounter were fought Hostile_encounter from the 16th through the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy , which was at times supported Supporting by the Holy Roman Empire , Kingdom of Hungary , Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and Habsburg Spain .

By the 16th century , the Ottomans had become Becoming a serious threat to the European powers , with Ottoman ships sweeping away Venetian possessions in the Aegean and Ionian seas and Ottoman-supported Barbary pirates seizing Spanish possessions in the Maghreb .

Initially , Ottoman conquests in Europe made Getting significant gains with a decisive victory at Mohács reducing around one third ( central ) part of Kingdom of Hungary to the status of an Ottoman tributary .

Initially , Ottoman conquests in Europe made Getting significant gains with a decisive victory at Mohács reducing around one third ( central ) part of Kingdom of Hungary to the status of an Ottoman tributary .

Intermittent tension between Austria and the Ottoman Empire continued throughout the nineteenth century , but they never again fought Hostile_encounter each other in a war and ultimately found Know themselves allied in World War I , in the aftermath of which both empires were dissolved .

Historians have devoted Giving most of their attention to the second siege of Vienna of 1683 , depicting Filling it as a decisive Austrian victory that saved Rescuing Western civilization and began Process_start the fall of the Ottoman Empire .

One squadron from each of the 3rd and 4th Light Horse Brigades Australian Mounted Division attacked Attack and captured Conquering Tiberias ( on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee also known as Lake Tiberias ) , along with the Yildirim Army Group 's Ottoman and German garrison .

The Tiberias garrison formed Cause_to_amalgamate part of a rearguard stretching Expansion to Samakh and on to Deraa which was intended to cover the retreat Escaping of three Ottoman armies .

These and other battles Hostile_encounter fought Hostile_encounter during the Battle of Nablus including the Third Transjordan attack Attack , also part of the Battle of Megiddo , forced the retreat Escaping of the Ottoman Fourth , Seventh and Eighth Armies north towards Damascus .

The next day the Australian Mounted Division and the 5th Cavalry Division pursued the Ottoman forces towards Damascus , paralleling the pursuit on the inland route begun Process_start by the 4th Cavalry Division a day earlier .

During the First Transjordan attack large incursions into Ottoman territory occurred Presence .

The swimmers eventually got Getting lines across the fast-flowing river while under fire from Ottoman forces on the east bank , and pontoon bridges were quickly constructed Building so that infantry and New Zealand mounted Connect troops could cross Motion_directional the river to attack Ottoman defenders on the east bank where a bridgehead was eventually established Building .

The swimmers eventually got Getting lines across the fast-flowing river while under fire from Ottoman forces on the east bank , and pontoon bridges were quickly constructed Building so that infantry and New Zealand mounted Connect troops could cross Motion_directional the river to attack Ottoman defenders on the east bank where a bridgehead was eventually established Building .

Amman was strongly defended Defending by the Ottoman Army and the blown up Destroying sections of the railway were quickly replaced Change_of_leadership to allow Preventing_or_letting reinforcements to continue to arrive Arriving and strengthen Cause_change_of_strength the defenders .

The First Balkan War ( ; ; , `` Prvi Balkanski rat '' ; ) , lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and comprised Cause_to_be_included actions of the Balkan League ( the kingdoms of Bulgaria , Serbia , Greece and Montenegro ) against the Ottoman Empire .

The combined armies of the Balkan states overcame Conquering the numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies and achieved Achieve rapid success .

As a result of the war , the League captured Conquering and partitioned Forming_relationships almost all remaining European territories of the Ottoman Empire .

The Desert Column of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) attacked Attack an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison at El Magruntein to the south of Rafah , close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire , to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid .

The Desert Column of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) attacked Attack an entrenched Ottoman Army garrison at El Magruntein to the south of Rafah , close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire , to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid .

The attack Attack marked the beginning Process_start of fighting Hostile_encounter in the Ottoman territory of Palestine .

After the British Empire victories Earnings_and_losses at the Battle Hostile_encounter of Romani in August 1916 and the Battle Hostile_encounter of Magdhaba in December , the Ottoman Army had been forced Causation back to the southern edge of Palestine as the EEF pushed Self_motion eastwards supported Supporting by extended Expansion lines of communication Communication .

During the day-long assault Attack , the Ottoman garrison defended Defending El Magruntein 's series of fortified redoubts and trenches on rising Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale ground surrounded Surrounding by flat grassland .

The sultan of Darfur Ali Dinar had been reinstated Change_of_leadership by the British after their victory Earnings_and_losses in the Mahdist War Military_operation but during the First World War Military_operation he grew Cause_change_of_position_on_a_scale restive , refusing Agree_or_refuse_to_act his customary tribute to the Sudanese government and showing Communication partiality Filling to the Ottoman Empire in 1915 .

The combatants were , on one side , the Ottoman Empire ( including Kurds and some Arab tribes ) , with some assistance Assistance from the other Central Powers ; and on the other side , the British ( with the help Assistance of Jews , Greeks , Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs , along with Indians under its empire ) , the Russians ( with the help Assistance of Armenians ) and the French from among the Allied Powers .

After an initial Armenian occupation of what is now eastern Turkey , the army of the Turkish National Movement under Kâzım Karabekir reversed Change the Armenian gains and further invaded Attack and defeated Conquering Armenia , also recapturing Conquering territory which the Ottoman Empire had lost Earnings_and_losses to the Russian Empire in 1855 and 1878 .

Armenia had territorial disputes Quarreling with the Ottoman Empire .

The advancing British Empire units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) were held Hold by rearguard units of the withdrawing Ottoman Empire units of the Yildirim Army Group , holding Hold a strategically strong position to the north of Gaza .

The Ottoman 7th Division , one of the retreating Escaping Ottoman Army units , established Creating a defensive line on the northern side of the Wadi el Hesi which included Cause_to_be_included Sausage Ridge .

The Ottoman 7th Division , one of the retreating Escaping Ottoman Army units , established Creating a defensive line on the northern side of the Wadi el Hesi which included Cause_to_be_included Sausage Ridge .

After the wadi was fairly quickly crossed Motion_directional late on 7 November , Sausage Ridge protecting Defending the road and railway along which the retreating Escaping Ottoman columns were traveling Traveling , was attacked Attack on 8 November by the EEF 's 52nd ( Lowland ) Division .

However , supported Supporting by an Ottoman cavalry attack Attack on the British infantry 's northern flank , the Ottoman rearguard strongly defended Defending the ridge all day and most of the night , until it was finally captured Conquering early on 9 November .

However , supported Supporting by an Ottoman cavalry attack Attack on the British infantry 's northern flank , the Ottoman rearguard strongly defended Defending the ridge all day and most of the night , until it was finally captured Conquering early on 9 November .

By then the rearguard had successfully withdrawn Escaping along with the withdrawing Escaping Ottoman columns .

During the Ottoman invasion , two Serbian armies were set up Reforming_a_system to defend Defending the Despotate , 1st army being commanded Control by Nikola Skobaljić in Dubočica , near Leskovac , and the 2nd army being on the banks of Sitnica river in Kosovo .